(1) Running under load without warming up after cold start

柴油机冷机启动时，由于机油黏度大、流动性差，是机油泵供油不足，机器摩擦面因缺油润滑不良，造成急剧磨损，甚发生拉缸、烧瓦等故障。因此，柴油机冷却启动后应怠速运转升温，待机油温度达到40℃以上时再带负荷运转；机器起步应挂低速挡，并循序在每一挡位行驶一段里程，直到油温正常、供油充分后，方可转为正常行驶。

When a diesel engine starts with a cold engine, due to the high viscosity and poor fluidity of the oil, the oil pump supply is insufficient, and the friction surface of the machine is poorly lubricated due to the lack of oil, resulting in rapid wear and even cylinder pulling, tile burning, and other faults. Therefore, after the diesel engine cools down and starts, it should idle and warm up, and then run with load when the oil temperature reaches 40 ℃ or above; The machine should start in low gear and drive for a certain distance in each gear in sequence until the oil temperature is normal and the fuel supply is sufficient before switching to normal driving.

（2）柴油机在机油不足时运转

(2) The diesel engine runs when there is insufficient oil

此时会因机油供给不足而造成各摩擦副表面供油不足，导致异常磨损或烧伤。为此，机器起步前和柴油机运转过程中要保证机油充足，防止由于缺油而引起拉缸、烧瓦故障。

At this point, insufficient oil supply may cause insufficient oil supply to the surfaces of each friction pair, resulting in abnormal wear or burns. Therefore, before starting the machine and during the operation of the diesel engine, it is necessary to ensure sufficient oil to prevent cylinder pulling and tile burning faults caused by oil shortage.

（3）带负荷急停机或突然卸除负荷后立刻停机

(3) Emergency shutdown with load or immediate shutdown after sudden unloading of load

柴油机熄火后冷却系水的循环停止，散热能力急剧降低，受热件失去冷却，易造成气缸盖、气缸套、气缸体等机件过热，产生裂纹，或使活塞过度膨胀卡死在缸套内。另一方面，柴油机停机时未经怠速降温，会使摩擦面含油不足，当柴油机再次启动时会因润滑不良而加剧磨损。因此，柴油机熄火前应卸除负荷，并逐渐降低转速、空载运转几分钟。

After the diesel engine shuts down, the circulation of cooling water in the cooling system stops, and the heat dissipation capacity sharply decreases. The heated parts lose cooling, which can easily cause overheating of cylinder heads, cylinder liners, cylinder blocks, and other components, resulting in cracks, or excessive expansion of the piston and jamming in the cylinder liner. On the other hand, if the diesel engine is stopped without idle cooling, it will result in insufficient oil on the friction surface. When the diesel engine is restarted, it will intensify wear due to poor lubrication. Therefore, before the diesel engine shuts down, the load should be removed and the speed should be gradually reduced and the engine should be running at no load for a few minutes.

（4）柴油机冷启动后猛轰油门

(4) Diesel engine slams throttle after cold start

若猛轰油门，则柴油机转速急剧升高，会造成机上的有些摩擦面因产生干摩擦而剧烈磨损。另外，轰油门时活塞、连杆和曲轴受理力变化大，引起剧烈撞击，易损坏机件。

If the throttle is slammed, the speed of the diesel engine will sharply increase, causing some friction surfaces on the engine to undergo severe wear due to dry friction. In addition, when the throttle is slammed, the piston, connecting rod, and crankshaft have a significant change in acceptance force, which can cause severe impact and easily damage the components.

（5）在冷却水量不足或冷却水、机油温度过高的情况下运转

(5) Operating under insufficient cooling water or high cooling water and oil temperatures

柴油机冷却水量不足会降低其冷却效果，柴油机因得不到有效的冷却而过热；冷却水、机油的油温过高，也会引起柴油机过热。此时气缸盖、气缸套、活塞组件及气门等主要受热负荷大，其机械性能如强度、韧性等急剧下降，使零件变形增加，减小了零件间的配合间隙，加速机件磨损，严重时还会产生裂纹、机件卡住的故障。冷却水、机油温度过高会加快机油老化变质和烧损，且机油黏度下降，套缸和活塞及主要摩擦副的条件润滑条件恶化，产生异常磨损。柴油机过热还会恶化柴油机燃烧过程，使喷油器工作失常，雾化不良，积炭增多。

Insufficient cooling water in a diesel engine can reduce its cooling effect, causing it to overheat due to ineffective cooling; Excessive temperature of cooling water and engine oil can also cause overheating of the diesel engine. At this time, the cylinder head, cylinder liner, piston components, and valves are mainly subjected to high heat loads, and their mechanical properties such as strength and toughness sharply decrease, causing increased deformation of the parts, reducing the fit gap between the parts, accelerating wear of the parts, and even producing cracks and stuck parts in severe cases. If the temperature of cooling water and engine oil is too high, it will accelerate the aging, deterioration, and burning of the engine oil, and the viscosity of the engine oil will decrease. The lubrication conditions of the casing, piston, and main friction pairs will deteriorate, resulting in abnormal wear. Overheating of a diesel engine can also worsen the combustion process, causing malfunctioning of the fuel injectors, poor atomization, and increased carbon deposition.

（6）在冷却水和机油油温过低的状态下运转

(6) Operating with low cooling water and oil temperatures

柴油机工作过程中，冷却水温度过低，气缸壁温度随之下降，燃烧产生的水蒸气凝结成水珠，与废气接触生成酸性物质，附着于气缸壁，产生腐蚀磨损。实践证明，柴油机经常在冷却水温40℃~50℃下使用时，其零件磨损比正常工作温度（85℃～95℃）下运转是大好几倍。此时，水温过低时气缸内温度低，柴油机着火滞燃期延长，一经着火，压力迅速升高，柴油机燃油粗暴，易造成零部件的机械损坏。柴油机长期在冷却水较低温度的状态下运转，活塞与缸套的间隙大，已发生敲缸现象，并产生振动，使缸套出现穴蚀。机油温度过低，机油黏度大流动性差，润滑部位油量不足，使润滑变差，造成摩擦副磨损增加，缩短柴油机使用寿命。

During the operation of a diesel engine, the temperature of the cooling water is too low, and the temperature of the cylinder wall decreases accordingly. The water vapor generated by combustion condenses into water droplets, which come into contact with exhaust gas to form acidic substances that adhere to the cylinder wall, causing corrosion and wear. Practice has shown that when diesel engines are frequently used at a cooling water temperature of 40 ℃ to 50 ℃, their parts wear and tear is several times greater than when operating at normal operating temperatures (85 ℃ to 95 ℃). At this point, when the water temperature is too low, the temperature inside the cylinder is low, and the ignition delay period of the diesel engine is extended. Once the engine catches fire, the pressure rapidly increases, and the diesel engine's fuel is rough, which can easily cause mechanical damage to the components. Diesel engines have been operating at low cooling water temperatures for a long time, resulting in a large gap between the piston and cylinder liner, causing knocking and vibration, resulting in cavitation of the cylinder liner. The oil temperature is too low, the viscosity of the oil is high, and the fluidity is poor. The insufficient amount of oil in the lubrication area leads to poor lubrication, increased wear of the friction pair, and shortened the service life of the diesel engine.

（7）在机油压力过低的情况下运转

(7) Running with low oil pressure

机油压力过低，则润滑系不能进行正常机油循环和压力润滑，各润滑部位得不到充足的机油。因此，机器在行驶过程中，要注意观察机油压力表或机油压力指示灯情况。若发现机油压力低于规定压力时，要立即停机，排除故障后再继续行驶。

If the oil pressure is too low, the lubrication system cannot perform normal oil circulation and pressure lubrication, and the lubrication parts cannot receive sufficient oil. Therefore, during the operation of the machine, it is important to observe the condition of the oil pressure gauge or oil pressure indicator light. If the oil pressure is found to be lower than the specified pressure, the machine should be stopped immediately, and the problem should be resolved before continuing driving.

（8）机器超速、超载行驶

(8) Machine overspeed and overload driving

如机器严重超速、超载行驶，柴油机将在负荷过大、转速过高的工作情况下运转，易造成工作粗暴，缸套、活塞、连杆等承受的热负荷和机械负荷加大，易发生拉缸、烧瓦等故障。经常超负荷运转，造成气缸内长时间的粗暴燃烧，容易损坏气缸垫。

If the machine is severely speeding or overloaded, the diesel engine will operate under excessive load and speed, which can easily cause rough operation, increase the thermal and mechanical load borne by cylinder liners, pistons, connecting rods, etc., and easily cause cylinder pulling, shoe burning, and other faults. Frequent overload operation can cause prolonged rough combustion in the cylinder, which can easily damage the cylinder gasket.

（9）熄火前猛轰油门

(9) Slam the throttle before turning off the engine

高速运转的柴油机如果突然停止运转，其巨大的惯性会使曲柄连杆机构和配气机构的零件受到损伤，缩短使用寿命。同时，猛轰油门是燃油因过量进入气缸来不及完全燃烧而沿气缸壁流下，稀释了润滑油。此外，还会使活塞、气门及燃烧室积炭明显增多，引起喷油嘴堵塞和活塞卡死。

If a high-speed diesel engine suddenly stops running, its huge inertia will cause damage to the components of the crank linkage mechanism and valve train, shortening its service life. At the same time, slamming the throttle causes fuel to flow down the cylinder wall due to excessive entry into the cylinder and insufficient time for complete combustion, diluting the lubricating oil. In addition, it will significantly increase the accumulation of carbon in the piston, valve, and combustion chamber, causing blockage of the fuel injection nozzle and piston jamming.

（10）柴油机温度过高时突然加冷却水

(10) Sudden addition of cooling water when the temperature of the diesel engine is too high

若在柴油机缺水过热的情况下突然加冷却水，会使缸盖、缸套、缸体等因冷热剧烈变化而产生裂纹。因此，柴油机温度过高时应先卸除负荷，稍微提高转速，待水温下降后将柴油机熄火，在将水散热器盖拧松，排除水蒸气。必要时可向水散热器缓慢的注入冷却水。

If cooling water is suddenly added when the diesel engine is short of water and overheated, it will cause cracks in the cylinder head, cylinder liner, cylinder block, etc. due to drastic changes in cold and heat. Therefore, when the temperature of the diesel engine is too high, the load should be removed first, the speed should be slightly increased, and after the water temperature drops, the diesel engine should be turned off. Then, the water radiator cover should be loosened to remove water vapor. If necessary, slowly inject cooling water into the water radiator.

（11）长期怠速运转

(11) Long term idle operation

柴油机怠速时，润滑油压力低，活塞顶部喷油冷却效果差，造成磨损急剧增加，容易拉缸；还可造成雾化不良，燃烧不完全，积炭严重，有时甚导致气门和活塞环卡死、缸套穴蚀。为此，有些柴油机使用说明书明确规定，柴油机怠速运转时间不得超过15～20min。

When the diesel engine is idling, the lubricating oil pressure is low, and the cooling effect of the top of the piston is poor, resulting in a sharp increase in wear and easy cylinder pulling; It can also cause poor atomization, incomplete combustion, severe carbon deposition, and sometimes even lead to valve and piston ring jamming, and cylinder liner cavitation. For this reason, some diesel engine user manuals clearly stipulate that the idle running time of diesel engines should not exceed 15-20 minutes.

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